Scores whether embedding similarity to human-written summaries predicts human quality ratings of machine summaries, on a single English dataset.
unassessed
| Category | embedding |
|---|---|
| Subcategory | summarization |
| Page status | active |
| Metric | Spearman correlation (cosine similarity) |
| Direction | higher_is_better |
| Unit | % |
| Dataset size | 1 |
| Dataset licence | Varies by dataset. |
| Publisher | Hugging Face and Cohere (original authors); maintained today by the open embeddings-benchmark community |
Machine-generated and human-written summaries of the same source articles are embedded, and each machine summary is scored by its embedding's similarity to the human references. That similarity score is then checked against human quality ratings.
Embed machine and human summaries; score each machine summary by embedding similarity to human references; correlate (Spearman) against human quality ratings.
| Model | Provider | Score | Card as of |
|---|---|---|---|
| e5 mistral 7B instruct | intfloat | 31.5 | 2026-04 |
| Gemini Embedding 001 | Google DeepMind | 30.5 | 2026-04 |
| Qwen3 Embedding 8B | Alibaba / Qwen Team | 30.5 | 2026-04 |
| Qwen3 VL Embedding 8B | Alibaba / Qwen Team | 30.5 | 2026-04 |
| SFR Embedding 2 R | Salesforce | 30.5 | 2026-04 |
| Voyage 3 | Voyage AI | 30.5 | 2026-04 |
| multilingual e5 large instruct | intfloat | 30.4 | 2026-04 |
| NV Embed v2 | NVIDIA | 30.4 | 2026-04 |
| jina embeddings v4 | Jina AI | 30.2 | 2026-04 |
| jina embeddings v4 vllm retrieval | Jina AI | 30.2 | 2026-04 |
| jina embeddings v5 text nano | Jina AI | 30.2 | 2026-04 |
| jina embeddings v5 text small | Jina AI | 30.2 | 2026-04 |
| jina embeddings v5 text small retrieval | Jina AI | 30.2 | 2026-04 |
| snowflake arctic embed l v2.0 | Snowflake | 30.2 | 2026-04 |
| text-embedding-3-large | OpenAI | 30.1 | 2026-04 |
| bge large en v1.5 | BAAI | 30.0 | 2026-04 |
| bge multilingual gemma2 | BAAI | 30.0 | 2026-04 |
| Qwen3 Embedding 4B | Alibaba / Qwen Team | 30.0 | 2026-04 |
| bge m3 | BAAI | 29.8 | 2026-04 |
| jina clip v2 | Jina AI | 29.7 | 2026-04 |
| jina code embeddings 1.5B | Jina AI | 29.7 | 2026-04 |
| jina embeddings v3 | Jina AI | 29.7 | 2026-04 |
| colnomic embed multimodal 7B | Nomic AI | 29.5 | 2026-04 |
| e5 large v2 | intfloat | 29.5 | 2026-04 |
| granite embedding english r2 | IBM | 29.5 | 2026-04 |
| granite embedding small english r2 | IBM | 29.5 | 2026-04 |
| nomic embed multimodal 7B | Nomic AI | 29.5 | 2026-04 |
| nomic embed text v2 moe | Nomic AI | 29.5 | 2026-04 |
| nomic embed text v2 moe GGUF | Nomic AI | 29.5 | 2026-04 |
| snowflake arctic embed l | Snowflake | 29.5 | 2026-04 |
| bge large en | BAAI | 29.2 | 2026-04 |
| multilingual e5 large | intfloat | 29.2 | 2026-04 |
| e5 large | intfloat | 29.0 | 2026-04 |
| e5 large unsupervised | intfloat | 29.0 | 2026-04 |
| snowflake arctic embed m v2.0 | Snowflake | 29.0 | 2026-04 |
| Voyage Code 3 | Voyage AI | 29.0 | 2026-04 |
| Voyage Finance 2 | Voyage AI | 29.0 | 2026-04 |
| Voyage Multilingual 2 | Voyage AI | 29.0 | 2026-04 |
| bge base en v1.5 | BAAI | 28.8 | 2026-04 |
| modernbert embed base | Nomic AI | 28.8 | 2026-04 |
| nomic embed text v1.5 | Nomic AI | 28.8 | 2026-04 |
| nomic embed text v1.5 GGUF | Nomic AI | 28.8 | 2026-04 |
| Voyage Law 2 | Voyage AI | 28.8 | 2026-04 |
| e5 base v2 | intfloat | 28.5 | 2026-04 |
| granite embedding 278M multilingual | IBM | 28.5 | 2026-04 |
| snowflake arctic embed m | Snowflake | 28.5 | 2026-04 |
| snowflake arctic embed m v1.5 | Snowflake | 28.5 | 2026-04 |
| text-embedding-3-small | OpenAI | 28.5 | 2026-04 |
| Voyage 3 Lite | Voyage AI | 28.5 | 2026-04 |
| nomic embed text v1 | Nomic AI | 28.2 | 2026-04 |
| snowflake arctic embed m long | Snowflake | 28.2 | 2026-04 |
| bge base en | BAAI | 28.0 | 2026-04 |
| e5 base | intfloat | 28.0 | 2026-04 |
| Mistral Embed | Mistral AI | 28.0 | 2026-04 |
| multilingual e5 base | intfloat | 28.0 | 2026-04 |
| Qwen3 Embedding 0.6B | Alibaba / Qwen Team | 28.0 | 2026-04 |
| Qwen3 VL Embedding 2B | Alibaba / Qwen Team | 28.0 | 2026-04 |
| SFR Embedding Code 400M R | Salesforce | 28.0 | 2026-04 |
| bge code v1 | BAAI | 27.5 | 2026-04 |
| CodeRankEmbed | Nomic AI | 27.5 | 2026-04 |
| e5 small v2 | intfloat | 27.5 | 2026-04 |
| granite embedding 125M english | IBM | 27.5 | 2026-04 |
| nomic embed code | Nomic AI | 27.5 | 2026-04 |
| bge small en v1.5 | BAAI | 27.2 | 2026-04 |
| all mpnet base v2 | Sentence Transformers | 27.0 | 2026-04 |
| e5 small | intfloat | 27.0 | 2026-04 |
| granite embedding 107M multilingual | IBM | 27.0 | 2026-04 |
| multilingual e5 small | intfloat | 27.0 | 2026-04 |
| snowflake arctic embed s | Snowflake | 27.0 | 2026-04 |
| text-embedding-ada-002 | OpenAI | 27.0 | 2026-04 |
| all MiniLM L12 v2 | Sentence Transformers | 26.8 | 2026-04 |
| all MiniLM L6 v2 | Sentence Transformers | 26.5 | 2026-04 |
| bge small en | BAAI | 26.5 | 2026-04 |
| multi qa mpnet base dot v1 | Sentence Transformers | 26.5 | 2026-04 |
| multi qa mpnet base cos v1 | Sentence Transformers | 26.2 | 2026-04 |
| paraphrase mpnet base v2 | Sentence Transformers | 26.2 | 2026-04 |
| all roberta large v1 | Sentence Transformers | 26.0 | 2026-04 |
| all distilroberta v1 | Sentence Transformers | 25.8 | 2026-04 |
| paraphrase multilingual mpnet base v2 | Sentence Transformers | 25.8 | 2026-04 |
| granite embedding 30M english | IBM | 25.5 | 2026-04 |
| granite embedding 30M sparse | IBM | 25.5 | 2026-04 |
| msmarco bert base dot v5 | Sentence Transformers | 25.5 | 2026-04 |
| multi qa MiniLM L6 cos v1 | Sentence Transformers | 25.5 | 2026-04 |
| snowflake arctic embed xs | Snowflake | 25.5 | 2026-04 |
| msmarco MiniLM L12 cos v5 | Sentence Transformers | 25.0 | 2026-04 |
| paraphrase MiniLM L12 v2 | Sentence Transformers | 25.0 | 2026-04 |
| paraphrase multilingual MiniLM L12 v2 | Sentence Transformers | 25.0 | 2026-04 |
| msmarco MiniLM L6 v3 | Sentence Transformers | 24.5 | 2026-04 |
| paraphrase MiniLM L6 v2 | Sentence Transformers | 24.5 | 2026-04 |
| LaBSE | Sentence Transformers | 24.0 | 2026-04 |
| distiluse base multilingual cased v2 | Sentence Transformers | 23.5 | 2026-04 |
| paraphrase MiniLM L3 v2 | Sentence Transformers | 23.0 | 2026-04 |
| distiluse base multilingual cased v1 | Sentence Transformers | 22.5 | 2026-04 |