Correlates embedding cosine similarity with human-rated sentence-pair similarity scores, across 10 datasets spanning up to 18 languages.
unassessed
| Category | embedding |
|---|---|
| Subcategory | semantic textual similarity |
| Page status | active |
| Metric | Spearman correlation (cosine similarity) |
| Direction | higher_is_better |
| Unit | % |
| Dataset size | 10 |
| Dataset licence | Varies by dataset. |
| Publisher | Hugging Face and Cohere (original authors); maintained today by the open embeddings-benchmark community |
Two sentences are embedded and their cosine similarity is computed, then checked against how well that similarity ranks sentence pairs the same way human annotators' graded similarity scores do.
Embed sentence pairs; compute cosine similarity; correlate (Spearman) against human similarity ratings.
| Model | Provider | Score | Card as of |
|---|---|---|---|
| jina embeddings v4 | Jina AI | 86.2 | 2026-04 |
| jina embeddings v4 vllm retrieval | Jina AI | 86.2 | 2026-04 |
| jina embeddings v5 text nano | Jina AI | 86.2 | 2026-04 |
| jina embeddings v5 text small | Jina AI | 86.2 | 2026-04 |
| jina embeddings v5 text small retrieval | Jina AI | 86.2 | 2026-04 |
| jina clip v2 | Jina AI | 85.8 | 2026-04 |
| jina code embeddings 1.5B | Jina AI | 85.8 | 2026-04 |
| jina embeddings v3 | Jina AI | 85.8 | 2026-04 |
| e5 mistral 7B instruct | intfloat | 85.5 | 2026-04 |
| multilingual e5 large instruct | intfloat | 84.8 | 2026-04 |
| Gemini Embedding 001 | Google DeepMind | 84.5 | 2026-04 |
| SFR Embedding 2 R | Salesforce | 84.0 | 2026-04 |
| Voyage 3 | Voyage AI | 84.0 | 2026-04 |
| bge multilingual gemma2 | BAAI | 83.5 | 2026-04 |
| snowflake arctic embed l v2.0 | Snowflake | 83.5 | 2026-04 |
| e5 large v2 | intfloat | 83.0 | 2026-04 |
| bge large en v1.5 | BAAI | 82.5 | 2026-04 |
| colnomic embed multimodal 7B | Nomic AI | 82.5 | 2026-04 |
| multilingual e5 large | intfloat | 82.5 | 2026-04 |
| nomic embed multimodal 7B | Nomic AI | 82.5 | 2026-04 |
| nomic embed text v2 moe | Nomic AI | 82.5 | 2026-04 |
| nomic embed text v2 moe GGUF | Nomic AI | 82.5 | 2026-04 |
| bge m3 | BAAI | 82.0 | 2026-04 |
| e5 large | intfloat | 82.0 | 2026-04 |
| e5 large unsupervised | intfloat | 82.0 | 2026-04 |
| granite embedding english r2 | IBM | 82.0 | 2026-04 |
| granite embedding small english r2 | IBM | 82.0 | 2026-04 |
| snowflake arctic embed l | Snowflake | 82.0 | 2026-04 |
| bge large en | BAAI | 81.5 | 2026-04 |
| snowflake arctic embed m v2.0 | Snowflake | 81.5 | 2026-04 |
| text-embedding-3-large | OpenAI | 81.5 | 2026-04 |
| Voyage Multilingual 2 | Voyage AI | 81.5 | 2026-04 |
| Qwen3 Embedding 8B | Alibaba / Qwen Team | 81.1 | 2026-04 |
| Qwen3 VL Embedding 8B | Alibaba / Qwen Team | 81.1 | 2026-04 |
| e5 base v2 | intfloat | 81.0 | 2026-04 |
| modernbert embed base | Nomic AI | 81.0 | 2026-04 |
| nomic embed text v1.5 | Nomic AI | 81.0 | 2026-04 |
| nomic embed text v1.5 GGUF | Nomic AI | 81.0 | 2026-04 |
| Voyage Code 3 | Voyage AI | 81.0 | 2026-04 |
| Voyage Finance 2 | Voyage AI | 81.0 | 2026-04 |
| Qwen3 Embedding 4B | Alibaba / Qwen Team | 80.9 | 2026-04 |
| Voyage Law 2 | Voyage AI | 80.8 | 2026-04 |
| bge base en v1.5 | BAAI | 80.5 | 2026-04 |
| e5 base | intfloat | 80.5 | 2026-04 |
| granite embedding 278M multilingual | IBM | 80.5 | 2026-04 |
| snowflake arctic embed m v1.5 | Snowflake | 80.5 | 2026-04 |
| Voyage 3 Lite | Voyage AI | 80.5 | 2026-04 |
| nomic embed text v1 | Nomic AI | 80.2 | 2026-04 |
| multilingual e5 base | intfloat | 80.0 | 2026-04 |
| snowflake arctic embed m | Snowflake | 80.0 | 2026-04 |
| snowflake arctic embed m long | Snowflake | 80.0 | 2026-04 |
| NV Embed v2 | NVIDIA | 79.6 | 2026-04 |
| all mpnet base v2 | Sentence Transformers | 79.5 | 2026-04 |
| bge base en | BAAI | 79.5 | 2026-04 |
| SFR Embedding Code 400M R | Salesforce | 79.5 | 2026-04 |
| e5 small v2 | intfloat | 79.0 | 2026-04 |
| Mistral Embed | Mistral AI | 79.0 | 2026-04 |
| all MiniLM L12 v2 | Sentence Transformers | 78.8 | 2026-04 |
| bge code v1 | BAAI | 78.5 | 2026-04 |
| e5 small | intfloat | 78.5 | 2026-04 |
| granite embedding 125M english | IBM | 78.5 | 2026-04 |
| all MiniLM L6 v2 | Sentence Transformers | 78.2 | 2026-04 |
| bge small en v1.5 | BAAI | 78.0 | 2026-04 |
| CodeRankEmbed | Nomic AI | 78.0 | 2026-04 |
| multilingual e5 small | intfloat | 78.0 | 2026-04 |
| nomic embed code | Nomic AI | 78.0 | 2026-04 |
| snowflake arctic embed s | Snowflake | 78.0 | 2026-04 |
| paraphrase mpnet base v2 | Sentence Transformers | 77.8 | 2026-04 |
| granite embedding 107M multilingual | IBM | 77.5 | 2026-04 |
| multi qa mpnet base dot v1 | Sentence Transformers | 77.5 | 2026-04 |
| Qwen3 Embedding 0.6B | Alibaba / Qwen Team | 77.5 | 2026-04 |
| Qwen3 VL Embedding 2B | Alibaba / Qwen Team | 77.5 | 2026-04 |
| all roberta large v1 | Sentence Transformers | 77.2 | 2026-04 |
| multi qa mpnet base cos v1 | Sentence Transformers | 77.2 | 2026-04 |
| text-embedding-3-small | OpenAI | 77.2 | 2026-04 |
| bge small en | BAAI | 77.0 | 2026-04 |
| all distilroberta v1 | Sentence Transformers | 76.5 | 2026-04 |
| paraphrase multilingual mpnet base v2 | Sentence Transformers | 76.5 | 2026-04 |
| multi qa MiniLM L6 cos v1 | Sentence Transformers | 76.0 | 2026-04 |
| snowflake arctic embed xs | Snowflake | 76.0 | 2026-04 |
| msmarco bert base dot v5 | Sentence Transformers | 75.5 | 2026-04 |
| paraphrase MiniLM L12 v2 | Sentence Transformers | 75.2 | 2026-04 |
| granite embedding 30M english | IBM | 75.0 | 2026-04 |
| granite embedding 30M sparse | IBM | 75.0 | 2026-04 |
| paraphrase multilingual MiniLM L12 v2 | Sentence Transformers | 75.0 | 2026-04 |
| msmarco MiniLM L12 cos v5 | Sentence Transformers | 74.5 | 2026-04 |
| paraphrase MiniLM L6 v2 | Sentence Transformers | 74.5 | 2026-04 |
| text-embedding-ada-002 | OpenAI | 74.5 | 2026-04 |
| msmarco MiniLM L6 v3 | Sentence Transformers | 74.0 | 2026-04 |
| LaBSE | Sentence Transformers | 73.0 | 2026-04 |
| distiluse base multilingual cased v2 | Sentence Transformers | 72.0 | 2026-04 |
| paraphrase MiniLM L3 v2 | Sentence Transformers | 72.0 | 2026-04 |
| distiluse base multilingual cased v1 | Sentence Transformers | 70.5 | 2026-04 |