Labels sentence pairs as duplicates or not from cosine similarity and scores the ranking by average precision, across 3 primarily-English MTEB datasets.
unassessed
| Category | embedding |
|---|---|
| Subcategory | pair classification |
| Page status | active |
| Metric | average precision (cosine similarity) |
| Direction | higher_is_better |
| Unit | % |
| Dataset size | 3 |
| Dataset licence | Varies by dataset. |
| Publisher | Hugging Face and Cohere (original authors); maintained today by the open embeddings-benchmark community |
Pairs of sentences labelled as equivalent or not (paraphrases, duplicate questions) are embedded, and cosine similarity between each pair is used as a ranking score rather than a fixed threshold, evaluated by average precision.
Embed sentence pairs; rank by cosine similarity; score against binary equivalence labels with average precision.
| Model | Provider | Score | Card as of |
|---|---|---|---|
| e5 mistral 7B instruct | intfloat | 87.0 | 2026-04 |
| multilingual e5 large instruct | intfloat | 86.2 | 2026-04 |
| SFR Embedding 2 R | Salesforce | 86.0 | 2026-04 |
| Voyage 3 | Voyage AI | 86.0 | 2026-04 |
| Qwen3 Embedding 8B | Alibaba / Qwen Team | 85.5 | 2026-04 |
| Qwen3 VL Embedding 8B | Alibaba / Qwen Team | 85.5 | 2026-04 |
| snowflake arctic embed l v2.0 | Snowflake | 85.5 | 2026-04 |
| text-embedding-3-large | OpenAI | 85.5 | 2026-04 |
| Gemini Embedding 001 | Google DeepMind | 85.1 | 2026-04 |
| bge large en v1.5 | BAAI | 85.0 | 2026-04 |
| bge multilingual gemma2 | BAAI | 85.0 | 2026-04 |
| e5 large v2 | intfloat | 85.0 | 2026-04 |
| Qwen3 Embedding 4B | Alibaba / Qwen Team | 85.0 | 2026-04 |
| multilingual e5 large | intfloat | 84.8 | 2026-04 |
| bge m3 | BAAI | 84.5 | 2026-04 |
| e5 large | intfloat | 84.5 | 2026-04 |
| e5 large unsupervised | intfloat | 84.5 | 2026-04 |
| granite embedding english r2 | IBM | 84.5 | 2026-04 |
| granite embedding small english r2 | IBM | 84.5 | 2026-04 |
| jina embeddings v4 | Jina AI | 84.5 | 2026-04 |
| jina embeddings v4 vllm retrieval | Jina AI | 84.5 | 2026-04 |
| jina embeddings v5 text nano | Jina AI | 84.5 | 2026-04 |
| jina embeddings v5 text small | Jina AI | 84.5 | 2026-04 |
| jina embeddings v5 text small retrieval | Jina AI | 84.5 | 2026-04 |
| snowflake arctic embed l | Snowflake | 84.5 | 2026-04 |
| NV Embed v2 | NVIDIA | 84.1 | 2026-04 |
| bge large en | BAAI | 84.0 | 2026-04 |
| colnomic embed multimodal 7B | Nomic AI | 84.0 | 2026-04 |
| jina clip v2 | Jina AI | 84.0 | 2026-04 |
| jina code embeddings 1.5B | Jina AI | 84.0 | 2026-04 |
| jina embeddings v3 | Jina AI | 84.0 | 2026-04 |
| nomic embed multimodal 7B | Nomic AI | 84.0 | 2026-04 |
| nomic embed text v2 moe | Nomic AI | 84.0 | 2026-04 |
| nomic embed text v2 moe GGUF | Nomic AI | 84.0 | 2026-04 |
| snowflake arctic embed m v2.0 | Snowflake | 84.0 | 2026-04 |
| e5 base v2 | intfloat | 83.5 | 2026-04 |
| Voyage Code 3 | Voyage AI | 83.5 | 2026-04 |
| Voyage Multilingual 2 | Voyage AI | 83.5 | 2026-04 |
| bge base en v1.5 | BAAI | 83.2 | 2026-04 |
| e5 base | intfloat | 83.0 | 2026-04 |
| granite embedding 278M multilingual | IBM | 83.0 | 2026-04 |
| modernbert embed base | Nomic AI | 83.0 | 2026-04 |
| multilingual e5 base | intfloat | 83.0 | 2026-04 |
| nomic embed text v1.5 | Nomic AI | 83.0 | 2026-04 |
| nomic embed text v1.5 GGUF | Nomic AI | 83.0 | 2026-04 |
| snowflake arctic embed m | Snowflake | 83.0 | 2026-04 |
| snowflake arctic embed m v1.5 | Snowflake | 83.0 | 2026-04 |
| Voyage 3 Lite | Voyage AI | 83.0 | 2026-04 |
| Voyage Finance 2 | Voyage AI | 83.0 | 2026-04 |
| snowflake arctic embed m long | Snowflake | 82.8 | 2026-04 |
| Voyage Law 2 | Voyage AI | 82.8 | 2026-04 |
| bge base en | BAAI | 82.5 | 2026-04 |
| nomic embed text v1 | Nomic AI | 82.5 | 2026-04 |
| SFR Embedding Code 400M R | Salesforce | 82.5 | 2026-04 |
| bge code v1 | BAAI | 82.0 | 2026-04 |
| e5 small v2 | intfloat | 82.0 | 2026-04 |
| Mistral Embed | Mistral AI | 82.0 | 2026-04 |
| Qwen3 Embedding 0.6B | Alibaba / Qwen Team | 82.0 | 2026-04 |
| Qwen3 VL Embedding 2B | Alibaba / Qwen Team | 82.0 | 2026-04 |
| text-embedding-3-small | OpenAI | 82.0 | 2026-04 |
| all mpnet base v2 | Sentence Transformers | 81.5 | 2026-04 |
| granite embedding 125M english | IBM | 81.5 | 2026-04 |
| multilingual e5 small | intfloat | 81.5 | 2026-04 |
| snowflake arctic embed s | Snowflake | 81.5 | 2026-04 |
| all MiniLM L12 v2 | Sentence Transformers | 81.0 | 2026-04 |
| bge small en v1.5 | BAAI | 81.0 | 2026-04 |
| CodeRankEmbed | Nomic AI | 81.0 | 2026-04 |
| e5 small | intfloat | 81.0 | 2026-04 |
| nomic embed code | Nomic AI | 81.0 | 2026-04 |
| all MiniLM L6 v2 | Sentence Transformers | 80.5 | 2026-04 |
| bge small en | BAAI | 80.5 | 2026-04 |
| granite embedding 107M multilingual | IBM | 80.5 | 2026-04 |
| text-embedding-ada-002 | OpenAI | 80.2 | 2026-04 |
| multi qa mpnet base dot v1 | Sentence Transformers | 80.0 | 2026-04 |
| paraphrase mpnet base v2 | Sentence Transformers | 80.0 | 2026-04 |
| multi qa mpnet base cos v1 | Sentence Transformers | 79.8 | 2026-04 |
| all roberta large v1 | Sentence Transformers | 79.5 | 2026-04 |
| snowflake arctic embed xs | Snowflake | 79.5 | 2026-04 |
| all distilroberta v1 | Sentence Transformers | 79.0 | 2026-04 |
| paraphrase multilingual mpnet base v2 | Sentence Transformers | 79.0 | 2026-04 |
| granite embedding 30M english | IBM | 78.5 | 2026-04 |
| granite embedding 30M sparse | IBM | 78.5 | 2026-04 |
| msmarco bert base dot v5 | Sentence Transformers | 78.5 | 2026-04 |
| multi qa MiniLM L6 cos v1 | Sentence Transformers | 78.5 | 2026-04 |
| paraphrase MiniLM L12 v2 | Sentence Transformers | 78.0 | 2026-04 |
| paraphrase multilingual MiniLM L12 v2 | Sentence Transformers | 78.0 | 2026-04 |
| msmarco MiniLM L12 cos v5 | Sentence Transformers | 77.5 | 2026-04 |
| paraphrase MiniLM L6 v2 | Sentence Transformers | 77.5 | 2026-04 |
| msmarco MiniLM L6 v3 | Sentence Transformers | 77.0 | 2026-04 |
| LaBSE | Sentence Transformers | 76.0 | 2026-04 |
| paraphrase MiniLM L3 v2 | Sentence Transformers | 75.5 | 2026-04 |
| distiluse base multilingual cased v2 | Sentence Transformers | 75.0 | 2026-04 |
| distiluse base multilingual cased v1 | Sentence Transformers | 73.5 | 2026-04 |